To achieve decarbonisation, the rush on a number of metals and minerals, categorized as “critical” by the European Union has taken up speed. The EU approaches resource-rich countries with the prospect of value creation in those countries which seems to promise higher revenues.

This report takes a closer look at metal processing on the basis of six exemplary metals in different countries: What does value creation mean? Are there best practice examples of green refining? What policy recommendations can be derived?